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HVAC reference

Chiller Tonnage Calculator

Turn chilled-water flow and temperature drop into tons of cooling — and round to the next standard chiller.

Short answerTons = (GPM × ΔT°F) ÷ 24 for water. One ton = 12,000 BTU/h; the 24 comes from 500 (lb/h per GPM) × ΔT ÷ 12,000. A typical design is 2.4 GPM per ton at a 10°F drop.

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How it's calculated

A chiller removes heat from a water loop. The heat carried equals flow times temperature drop times the fluid factor (500 for water in GPM and °F). Dividing by 12,000 BTU/h converts to tons. Design flow is usually set so the loop runs about a 10°F drop.

Tons = (GPM × ΔT°F) ÷ 24 BTU/h = 500 × GPM × ΔT 1 ton = 12,000 BTU/h
Worked example
  1. 100 GPM, ΔT 10°F.
  2. Tons = 100 × 10 ÷ 24 = 41.7 tons.
  3. Next standard = 45 tons.

Reference tables

Flow per ton at common ΔT

ΔT (°F)GPM/ton
83.0
102.4
122.0
161.5

A number the tables do not give: at a 10°F drop, 100 GPM is about 42 tons — so plan roughly 2.4 GPM per ton.

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FAQ

Where does the 24 come from?

500 lb/h per GPM (water) × ΔT gives BTU/h; dividing by 12,000 BTU/h per ton leaves ÷24.

Water or glycol?

Glycol changes the fluid factor (lower specific heat and higher density), so the 500 constant drops — correct it for the mix.

Why a 10°F design ΔT?

It balances pump energy against pipe size; a bigger ΔT means less flow and smaller pipe but a colder supply.

Tons vs kW?

1 ton ≈ 3.517 kW of cooling. Multiply tons by 3.517 for a metric capacity.

This page is a reference aid. Always verify against the equipment data and ASHRAE guidance. Figures shown are for orientation, not a stamped design.

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